The U.S. is not investing enough money in its electric vehicle charging infrastructure and it’s contributing to American drivers’ “range anxiety,” a major hindrance to consumers adopting EVs en masse, according to a report issued by UP.Labs, the transportation and mobility division of venture capital firm UP.Partners.

Historically, the cost of EVs has been the main reason many Americans have avoided them. However, internal combustion engine and full battery electric vehicles are reaching price parity but that could change because battery costs rose significantly in 2022, said UP. Partners, which has invested in companies that have partnerships with Toyota and Porsche.

The Santa Monica, Calif. venture capital firm’s 123-page The Moving World Report: 2023 Macro and Micro Trends in Mobility covers the automotive, aviation, logistics, and e-bike sectors.

When it comes to EVs, a shortage of raw materials, ongoing global supply chain turmoil and an overloaded electric grid are other reasons they may not catch on with American drivers in the coming years.

Citing research from venture capital firm Energy Innovation and GridLab and the University of California, Berkeley, UP.Labs noted the U.S. will have to invest $6.5 billion annually in charging infrastructure for the next 30 years.

“It is necessary to have public networks of charging outlets, chargers available at home and work, and access to fast-charging options for longer trips” the report’s authors noted. “Without these options, EV adoption will be limited moving forward.”

In 2022, Congress and the Biden Administration made a one-time allocation of $5 billion toward building and financing U.S. EV charging infrastructure. The funding was wrapped into the $1 trillion Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Biden signed last year.

The build-out of fast charging EV stations is happening in the U.S. but not fast enough, compared with China, the world’s second-largest auto market. From 2021 to 2022, fast-charging stations grew by 26 percent in the U.S. but China’s fast-charging station availability increased by 84 percent during that same time.

On the emissions front, the mobility sector’s future net-zero carbon emissions goals are a “fantasy” unless “radical innovation is unlocked” by companies along with decisive climate change-related policy from world governments. Accounting for the announced climate commitments made by world governments, mobility-related emissions are likely to increase 11 percent by the end of the decade. These emissions need to be reduced by more than 20 percent if the world wants a realistic shot at reaching net zero in the mobility sector by 2050.

  • Raw materials shortage: Goldman Sachs predicts a ten-fold increase in battery demand between 2021 and 2030, according to the report. The global supply of lithium, one of the main components of EV batteries, is under severe strain. China is estimated to control 65 percent of the world’s lithium processing and refining capacity. Production lead times for nickel and cobalt need for EV batteries are increasing. To explore, mine, conduct feasibility studies, and construct a refinery to produce nickel can take 6 to 13 years. The same process for cobalt is estimated to take 4 to 10 years.
  • Ongoing global supply chain turmoil: The COVID-19 pandemic has left a long-term impact on demand and output trends for producers and suppliers, especially in the automotive sector. Natural disasters, labor shortages, and geopolitical turmoil have burdened global automotive and battery production and distribution. In 2021, large-cap companies surveyed by researchers each annually lost an estimated $228 million to supply chain disruptions and 83 percent of these firms had reputational damage because of supply chain problems. Top corporate executives at these firms reported discussing global supply chain risks at board meetings an average of 22 times per year.
  • Overloaded electric grid: In California, the largest U.S. auto market, EVs account for less than 2 percent of cars on the roads. Utility providers in California and other states have time to invest in upgrading their infrastructure before most Americans switch to EVs.  But if  California drivers decided to switch to EVs en masse over a short time the Golden State’s electric grid would fail because of charging demand. California’s grid would have to produce 47 percent more electricity than what it currently produces to handle the demand from EV car chargers, the report said.